In order to produce smaller amounts of oxygen, O2 from the air by adsorption of other gases can be separated. These air flows through molecular sieves. In this case, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are adsorbed and only O2 and argon pass through. This is used in O2 concentrator mainly used medically (oxygen for energy).
The development of O2 concentration in atmosphere is described in article Development of earth's atmosphere. The O2 allotrope O3 Ozone is present in atmosphere at low concentrations. In space, O2 is the third most abundant element after hydrogen and helium. The mass fraction of O2 is in solar system about 0.8% (this corresponds to an (atomic) number fraction of about 500 ppm).
Some oxygen-rich inorganic compounds such as potassium permanganate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), potassium chlorate and potassium chromate enter upon heating or reaction with reducing agents from oxygen. A further possibility of producing O2 in laboratory, is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on platinum-plated nickel foil. Pure O2 can be obtained by electrolysis of 30% potassium hydroxide solution of nickel electrodes. It Hydrogen and O2 are separated.
Even in so-called main sequence stars like the sun plays a role in energy oxygen. In CNO cycle (CNO cycle) represents O2 is an intermediate of nuclear reaction in which proton capture by a 12C nucleus, which acts as a catalyst, a 4He nucleus (alpha particle) is produced. In extremely heavy stars occurs in late stage of their development to O2 burning, in which the O2 is used as nuclear fuel for reactions that lead to construction of even heavier nuclei.
The binding and the properties of O2 molecule can be well explained by the molecular orbital model. The s and p atomic orbitals of individual atoms are assembled to form bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. The 1s and 2s orbitals of O2 atoms are each to . Sigma.. Sub. S and . Sigma.. Sub. S - bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
Initially, the O2 has been accepted as a basic component for the formation of acids. Therefore, the term Oxygenium (acidifier) 1779 proposed by Lavoisier oxygen. In fact, most inorganic acids in solution of non-metal oxides in O2 water. The halogens, such as chlorine and bromine, is therefore held for a long time oxides of unknown elements. Only later was recognized that hydrogen is responsible for the acid character.
Occupation of energy levels of molecular orbitals of O2 in ground and excited states. In ground state the spins of two valence electrons of Hund's rule are arranged in parallel in obedience. It is a triplet state with the term symbol 3g. It is the state with the lowest energy. Through the two unpaired electrons, the two orbitals are half occupied. This caused some characteristic properties, such as the diradical character and the paramagnetism of O2 molecule.
The separation takes place initially at 5-6 bar in so-called medium pressure column. The resulting oxygen-enriched liquid is then (pressure about 0.5 bar) further separated in low pressure column. Through the liquid O2 of low pressure column, gaseous nitrogen of high pressure column is passed. It liquefies this and heated with the votes condensation heat the liquid. The more volatile nitrogen is discharged and preferably remains purified liquid oxygen. This still contains the noble gases krypton and xenon, which are separated in a separate column.
The development of O2 concentration in atmosphere is described in article Development of earth's atmosphere. The O2 allotrope O3 Ozone is present in atmosphere at low concentrations. In space, O2 is the third most abundant element after hydrogen and helium. The mass fraction of O2 is in solar system about 0.8% (this corresponds to an (atomic) number fraction of about 500 ppm).
Some oxygen-rich inorganic compounds such as potassium permanganate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), potassium chlorate and potassium chromate enter upon heating or reaction with reducing agents from oxygen. A further possibility of producing O2 in laboratory, is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on platinum-plated nickel foil. Pure O2 can be obtained by electrolysis of 30% potassium hydroxide solution of nickel electrodes. It Hydrogen and O2 are separated.
Even in so-called main sequence stars like the sun plays a role in energy oxygen. In CNO cycle (CNO cycle) represents O2 is an intermediate of nuclear reaction in which proton capture by a 12C nucleus, which acts as a catalyst, a 4He nucleus (alpha particle) is produced. In extremely heavy stars occurs in late stage of their development to O2 burning, in which the O2 is used as nuclear fuel for reactions that lead to construction of even heavier nuclei.
The binding and the properties of O2 molecule can be well explained by the molecular orbital model. The s and p atomic orbitals of individual atoms are assembled to form bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. The 1s and 2s orbitals of O2 atoms are each to . Sigma.. Sub. S and . Sigma.. Sub. S - bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
Initially, the O2 has been accepted as a basic component for the formation of acids. Therefore, the term Oxygenium (acidifier) 1779 proposed by Lavoisier oxygen. In fact, most inorganic acids in solution of non-metal oxides in O2 water. The halogens, such as chlorine and bromine, is therefore held for a long time oxides of unknown elements. Only later was recognized that hydrogen is responsible for the acid character.
Occupation of energy levels of molecular orbitals of O2 in ground and excited states. In ground state the spins of two valence electrons of Hund's rule are arranged in parallel in obedience. It is a triplet state with the term symbol 3g. It is the state with the lowest energy. Through the two unpaired electrons, the two orbitals are half occupied. This caused some characteristic properties, such as the diradical character and the paramagnetism of O2 molecule.
The separation takes place initially at 5-6 bar in so-called medium pressure column. The resulting oxygen-enriched liquid is then (pressure about 0.5 bar) further separated in low pressure column. Through the liquid O2 of low pressure column, gaseous nitrogen of high pressure column is passed. It liquefies this and heated with the votes condensation heat the liquid. The more volatile nitrogen is discharged and preferably remains purified liquid oxygen. This still contains the noble gases krypton and xenon, which are separated in a separate column.
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